The Dual Process Model provides an evidence-based alternative to the stages of grief model. Created by Stroebe and Schut in 1999, the model identifies actions of grieving people.
Here’s an explanation of the model from 2024. “What grieving looks like – The Dual Process Model”
And here’s a bibliography of development and testing of the model.
Fiore, J. (2019) A Systematic Review of the Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, Vol (x), 1-45
Maarten C Eisma & Margaret S Stroebe (2017) Rumination following bereavement: an overview, Bereavement Care, 36:2, 58-64, DOI: 10.1080/02682621.2017.1349291
Richardson, V. (2007) A Dual Process Model of Grief Counseling: Findings from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) Study. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. February.
Stroebe M, Schut H. (1999) The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Stud. Apr-May;23(3):197-224. doi: 10.1080/074811899201046. PMID: 10848151.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2010) The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement: A Decade On. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, Vol. 61(4), 273-289.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2015). Family matters in bereavement: Toward an integrative intra-interpersonal coping model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598517
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H.(2016) Overload: A Missing Link in the Dual Process Model? . OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, Vol 74 (1) 76-109.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2021) Bereavement in Times of COVID-19: A Review and Theoretical Framework. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, Vol. 82(3), 500-522.
Stroebe M, Schut H, Boerner K. “Cautioning Health-Care Professionals.” Omega (Westport). 2017 Mar;74(4):455-473. doi: 10.1177/0030222817691870. PMID: 28355991; PMCID: PMC5375020.
Torrens-Burton A, Goss S, Sutton E, et al. (2022) ‘It was brutal. It still is’: a qualitative analysis of the challenges of bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic reported in two national surveys. Palliative Care and Social Practice. 2022;16. doi:10.1177/26323524221092456
Grief literacy helps us all. 